The Last Supper (Italian: Il Cenacolo [il tʃeˈnaːkolo] or L'Ultima Cena [ˈl ultima ˈtʃeːna]) is a late 15th-century muralpainting by Leonardo da Vinci in the refectory of the Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan. It is one of the world's most famous paintings, and one of the most studied, scrutinized, and satirized.[1]
The work is presumed to have been commenced around 1495 and was commissioned as part of a plan of renovations to the church and its convent buildings by Leonardo's patron Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan. The painting represents the scene of The Last Supper of Jesus with his disciples, as it is told in the Gospel of John, 13:21. Leonardo has depicted the consternation that occurred among the Twelve Disciples when Jesus announced that one of them would betray him.
Due to the methods used, and a variety of environmental factors, as well as intentional damage, very little of the original painting remains today, despite numerous restoration attempts, the last being completed in 1999.
The Last Supper measures 460 cm × 880 cm (180 in × 350 in) and covers an end wall of the dining hall at the monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan, Italy. The theme was a traditional one for refectories, although the room was not a refectory at the time that Leonardo painted it. The main church building had only recently been completed (in 1498), but was remodeled by Bramante, hired by Ludovico Sforza to build a Sforza family mausoleum.[2] The painting was commissioned by Sforza to be the centerpiece of the mausoleum.[3] The lunettesabove the main painting, formed by the triple arched ceiling of the refectory, are painted with Sforza coats-of-arms. The opposite wall of the refectory is covered by the Crucifixion fresco by Giovanni Donato da Montorfano, to which Leonardo added figures of the Sforza family in tempera. (These figures have deteriorated in much the same way as has The Last Supper.) Leonardo began work on The Last Supper in 1495 and completed it in 1498—he did not work on the painting continuously. The beginning date is not certain, as the archives of the convent for the period have been destroyed and a document dated 1497 indicates that the painting was nearly completed at that date.[4] One story goes that a prior from the monastery complained to Leonardo about the delay, enraging him. He wrote to the head of the monastery, explaining he had been struggling to find the perfect villainous face for Judas, and that if he could not find a face corresponding with what he had in mind, he would use the features of the prior who complained.[5][6]
Bartholomew, James, son of Alphaeus and Andrew form a group of three, all are surprised.The Last Supper specifically portrays the reaction given by each apostle when Jesus said one of them would betray him. All twelve apostles have different reactions to the news, with various degrees of anger and shock. The apostles are identified from a manuscript[7] (The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci p. 232) with their names found in the 19th century. (Before this, only Judas, Peter, John and Jesus were positively identified.) From left to right, according to the apostles' heads:
- Judas Iscariot, Peter and John form another group of three. Judas is wearing green and blue and is in shadow, looking rather withdrawn and taken aback by the sudden revelation of his plan. He is clutching a small bag, perhaps signifying the silver given to him as payment to betray Jesus, or perhaps a reference to his role within the 12 disciples as treasurer.[8] He is also tipping over the salt cellar. This may be related to the near-Eastern expression to "betray the salt" meaning to betray one's Master. He is the only person to have his elbow on the table and his head is also horizontally the lowest of anyone in the painting. Peter looks angry and is holding a knife pointed away from Christ, perhaps foreshadowing his violent reaction in Gethsemane during Jesus' arrest. The youngest apostle, John, appears to swoon.
- Jesus.
- Apostle Thomas, James the Greater and Philip are the next group of three. Thomas is clearly upset; the raised index finger foreshadows his Incredulity of the Resurrection. James the Greater looks stunned, with his arms in the air. Meanwhile, Philip appears to be requesting some explanation.
- Matthew, Jude Thaddeus and Simon the Zealot are the final group of three. Both Jude Thaddeus and Matthew are turned toward Simon, perhaps to find out if he has any answer to their initial questions.
The painting contains several references to the number 3, which represents the Christian belief in the Holy Trinity. The Apostles are seated in groupings of three; there are three windows behind Jesus; and the shape of Jesus' figure resembles a triangle. There may have been other references that have since been lost as the painting deteriorated.
《最后的晚餐》（意大利语：Il Cenacolo or L'Ultima Cena）是一幅广为人知的大型壁画，文艺复兴时期由列奥纳多·达·芬奇於米兰的天主教恩寵聖母（Santa Maria delle Grazie）的多明我会院食堂墙壁上绘成，1980年被列为世界遺產。
《最後的晚餐》壁畫取材自天主教聖經瑪竇福音第26章，描繪耶穌在遭羅馬兵逮捕的前夕和十二宗徒共進最後一餐時預言「你們其中一人將出賣我」後，門徒們顯得困惑、哀傷與騷動，紛紛詢問耶穌：「主啊，是我嗎？」的瞬間情景。唯有坐在耶穌右側（即畫面正方左邊第三位）的叛徒猶達斯（基督新教中文作“猶大”）驚慌地將身體往後傾，一手抓着出賣耶穌的酬勞、一個裝有三十塊銀幣的錢袋，臉部顯得陰暗。
據說達文西在繪作此圖時，所有人面孔皆已設想好，惟有加略人猶大未想好。當教堂神父來催達文西時，與其談到此問題，恰好該神父對其主教有點微詞，聽聞達文西欲用主教之臉當作猶大的臉孔，連聲同意，並開懷大笑。
一般都以达芬奇的《最後的晚餐》作為文藝復興極盛時期的起點，這幅壁畫完成的時間約在1495至1498年間。
為了呈現出每位門徒的形象，达芬奇將這戲劇性的一幕安排在一個大型食堂裡，讓聚集在長條桌一方的耶穌及其門徒都能面對觀眾，傳神的刻劃出每位門徒在瞬間所顯現的驚異又複雜的表情。畫面的構圖以耶穌為中心向兩旁展開，就像一個等邊三角形，再以高低起伏的人物動作形成三人一組的四個小三角形，使畫面顯得協調平衡又富有動態感，同時確立了文藝復興極盛時期高度理想化的構圖原則與表現手法。
达芬奇還運用正確的透視法成功呈現出「最後的晚餐」中的立體空間構圖。透視法(perspective)也稱為「投影法」，是將三維實際物體或景物描繪在二維圖面上，由於二維平面要表現出三維景物的立體感與相互之間的空間距離關係，必須解決不同媒介的視角轉換，達成似真的視覺效果。「最後的晚餐」中使用的「交點透視法」是以景物中的天花板、牆角、地磚、壁柱連線、桌椅左右邊線、窗框上下邊線或斜角陰影邊線等的假設延長線，相交於畫面深處消失的一點，營造出景觀深入的感覺。[1] 畫中食堂兩邊的牆與天花板上一格格的嵌板都向後退，創造一種景深的效果，最後集中並消失在耶穌頭上後方的窗戶，這一點正是整個壁畫的中心點，也是視覺的焦點。窗戶的光線極其自然的落在耶穌的頭上，形成光環的效果，完美的表達了耶穌的神性，可說是透視法極其成功的運用。
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